The Hundred Years War did not just begin as a dynastic dispute which left the throne of France having multiple claimants with the death of Charles IV of France, the last male of the mainline of the Capet dynasties, in 1328.
The driving forces behind this conflict were geopolitical, historical, and dynastic disputes over the succession and the expansion of Capet’s dynastic power in France during the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Conflict Between England and France in the 13th Century
The cause of The Hundred Years War were a series of territorial and legal disputes between the French crown and their vassals, the kings of England, regarding their continental holdings.
The Treaty of Paris in 1259 established a framework of peace between both kingdoms.
It lasted until the Anglo-French war of 1294 to 1298, with the peace ending due to Philip iV of France’s war in the Netherlands and alliance with Scotland.
The peace was only temporarily restored with the second marriage of Edward I of England and Princess Margaret, the daughter of King Philip III of France.
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The Norman Conquest of England and the Expansion of Plantagenet Power in the 11th and 12th Centuries
William II of Normandy was nominated heir to the throne of England in 1066 CE. This created unfortunate political conflicts between the thrones of England and France because, under feudal politics, God’s anointed could not bow to other kings or emperors (Bates, 2018).
This meant that in practical terms, the relationship between the Dukes of Normandy, who were also kings of England from 1066 to 1204, was that there was an un-codified feudal, political and social relationship between the Dukes of Normandy and the Kings of the Franks.
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The Rise of Capetian Power and its Contribution to the Hundred Years War
The early Capet kings of France were kings without a kingdom; they inherited the Crown from the failing Karling/Carolingian dynasties who ruled as kings from 751 CE to 987 CE, with Hugh Capet being elected the king of the Franks in 987 CE.
The first Caption King was the Duke of France, Count of Paris. He only ruled the lands around Paris surrounded by the mighty Dukes of Normandy and Counts of Flanders to the north and the Crown lands being boxed in by the county of Balos and champagne with the Count of Flanders to the East.
The Capet dynasties were kings without a kingdom (Hallam & West, 2020).
It would not be until the late rule of Philip I of France (1059 CE to 1108 CE), Louis VI of France [1108 CE to 1137 CE) and Louis VII of France (1137 CE to 1180 CE) that the Captions got control of their lands around Paris and started being more active under the lands under the dominion.
However, the dynasty did lose Catalonia, which was initially part of the Frankish kingdom.
If you want to know more, please use the link to the main article on the History Is Know Website. The Article link.