Liberal ideology is appealing both to the public and to academics, because it enables human beings to attain freedom and both in academic and economic institutions, as well as social and political freedoms along with legal freedoms and legislated institutions which is supported by the liberal views shared by the liberal John Locke who inspired the idea of separation of powers. Liberal ideology is so appealing to feminists and conservatives for it seeks to create independence and equality of opportunity however liberalism is also appealing and effective because of the different strands of liberalism such as libertarians, liberal conservatives and liberal socialists such as UK Labour Party and its third way.
Liberal ideology is an appealing and effective to a large extent because it enables society and individuals to make the most of their freedoms and achieve opportunity, which according to thinkers like Hayak that depriving of freedoms through nationalisation and socialist policies only seek to limit opportunities. Liberalism also helps to liberate women by providing opportunities due to the free market and globalisation provides more opportunities according to, Martha Nussbaum and her example were a woman is forced to work when her husband becomes disabled and thanks to the opportunities available and thanks to liberalism she is able, ‘In 1977, Saleha’s group husked paddy and cultivated potatoes and sugarcane. Under the Saleha’s leadership, the woman also attended BRAC’S Bangladesh rural advancement committee education programs.[1]’ This shows progress because liberal ideology enables the liberation of women due to more global opportunities and the effects of liberal ideology which are ‘ Many liberal thinkers have made compassion, care, and love and essential part of their normative program.[2]’ this is due to influence from liberal thinkers such as John Stuart Mill and the rise of modern liberalism, which is influenced by the rise of socialism and its development and one nation conservatism was combined with liberalism as the protection of property rights and the acceptance of the need for states to intervene were free markets fail because ‘ Human beings have a dignity that deserves respect from laws and social institutions. This idea has many origins in many traditions; by now it is at the core of modern liberal democratic thought and practice all over the world.[3]’ this is due to the notion of social responsibility meaning as individuals we are responsible not only for ourselves but also society as a whole because cooperation is necessary in the modern state because unlike a puerile list libertarian, liberalism in the 21st-century also incorporates a degree of intervention, providing it doesn’t interfere with human freedoms but merely extend the advantages.
Another reason why liberal ideology is effective and appealing is due to the need for civil liberties and freedoms, as well as political freedoms such as free speech to enable the development of a democratic and free society is ‘ necessary of the ‘liberty of the press’as one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government.[4]’ this enables freedom of four and expression which thereby enables developments and new ideologies to flourish. John Stuart Mill also talks about how the tyranny of the majority and tyranny in general limits creative growth and therefore continues the creation and the acceptance of mistakes over and over again. Liberal ideology when it comes to democratic institutions according to John Locke ‘while the legislature is supreme, Locke will not make it absolute, for ‘’there remains still in the people a supreme power to remove or alter the legislative, when they find the legislative act contrary to the trust reposed to them.’’… The supreme power which Locke reserves for the people is ‘’not as considered under any form of government’’: it is only a kind of potential reserves of power, to be exercised in an emergency when the government they have established fails to use its power for the public good.[5]’ this means that liberal ideology supports the development of the idea of separation of powers and that the state should not have too much authority and power to influence people’s lives, unless it is a state of ‘ Libertarians agree in supporting, at most, a minimal state. Specifically, ‘the night’s watchman state of classical liberal theory, limited to the function of protecting all its citizens against violence, theft, and fraud, and to the enforcement of contracts, and so on (Nozick 1974,26).[6]’ this turbine the state have the power to convict criminals and maintain social order that the same time preventing the state from infringing on our individual liberties, this thereby makes liberal ideology appealing it must not be confused with anarchism because John Locke did not want the state of endless rebellion merely the ability to change governments which a modern-day democratic and liberal society can now do to elections.
Liberal ideology is appealing and can be effective because of it continuation towards liberal constitutional reform which helps to create the modern day democratic state and according to Mill this process is that a ‘Governments cannot be constructed by premeditated design. They ‘are not made, but grown.[7]’ this is because the move towards liberalisation and democratic rule is one of slow progress through the centuries in order to avoid chaos and civil war, this can be shown in the development of the British democracy and the constitution since King John signed Magna Carta and due to John Locke’s influence on property rights and natural law in order to protect the rights to property and the individual, by submitting to a state that the protects society and its civil matters Mill described this as a process that can be seen through most monarchs in Europe in his error in the 19th century as well as the previous 18th century ‘If anyone requires to be convinced that speculative thought is one of the chief elements of social power, let him bethink himself of the age in which there was scarcely a throne in Europe was not filled by a Liberal and reform king, a liberal and reforming Emperor[8]’ this shows that liberal ideology has its roots in authoritarian regimes because there’s never been a democracy and state that grew out of another free society, but only a liberal society developed through the tyranny of dictators and the feudal system however Mill does make the point that individuals have the ability to speed up the process of a liberal and free society ‘to my mind this is one of the most tragically facts in all history. It is a bit of thought, how different a thing the Christianity of the world might have been, if the Christian faith had been adopted as the religion of the Empire under the auspices of Marcus Aurelius instead of those of Constantine.[9]’ this shows all societies are bound to the ideology of liberalism and what form it will take within a nation however this process is slow and time-consuming a result in internal conflict such as the English Civil War of the right of Parliament and the power of the monarchy. But liberal ideology could be almost seen as imperialistic cost has spread throughout the globe from Communist China to capitalist America and religious conservative states that exist in the Middle East, are all moving or reforming in order to improve the freedom and liberty of their citizens.
Liberal ideology is effective and appealing to minorities, because liberal ideology when it comes to social policy is one of progressive development and acceptance which can be seen with the legalisation of gay marriage in England in 2015 and the US and Northern Ireland in 2016. Liberal ideology helps promote and provide minorities whether they be racial or LGBT ‘(At no time did Steffan state that he had committed homosexual acts, nor was any evidence of such acts ever introduced.) After a hearing, Steffan was denied the right to graduate; it was judged that he had ‘’insufficient aptitude to become a commissioned officer in the Naval service.’’ Steffan brought suit against the Department of defence, arguing that the navy’ exclusion of homosexuals violates the Equal Protection Clause of the fifth Amendment.[10]’ this shows that liberal ideology helps to promote minorities providing a society has developed two point to enable them to have the freedom.
Finally, liberal ideology is effective and appealing because ideology out of all ideologies which exist, for instance socialism, conservatism, nationalism and patriotism liberal ideology is the only ideology which has been incorporated either to a large extent or a small extent these ideologies when it comes to economic policy or social policy. This makes liberal ideology both effective and appealing because this means that liberal ideology is the most dominant ideology apart from religion to influence human life and its institutions as well as development, this can all be matched by the religions of Abraham and Buddhism as well as Hinduism and its effects on its indigenous population. Liberal ideology is also most appealing and effective because liberal ideology can be interpreted and understood in several different forms of liberalism is understood both academically and socially into different liberal concepts and ideas, these are libertarianism which accepts a very limited state which does not interfere with the lives of the public the merely estate maintains order and protect the state and its citizens from foreign invaders another liberal ideology is liberal conservatism this is where the Conservatives that value independence and property rights have merged with liberalism which could now be reckoned to 19th century liberals such as William Gladstone Liberal Prime Minister and the effects of liberal conservatism in the late 20th century, more accurately referred to as the new right and free-market liberals which helped create the present day attitude to free-market and freedom. Such as rolling back the state and extension of opportunities and freedoms available. Liberal ideology is effective and appealing because democratic socialists now accept capitalism such as the UK Labour Party and other socialist parties that exist on the continent seeking far more liberal response to the will economy and is a reason why a Conservative response is now the dominant form of responding to the 2008 economic crash, because liberal ideology is dominant when it comes to economic policy which can be seen in Tony Blair’s third way and new Labour in the 1990s. Ultimately the reason why liberal ideology is effective and appealing is that it has no challenger to be liberal on neoliberal economic and social settlement of the Margaret Thatcher and Reaganomics years that have fundamentally affected the way the will economy particularly in the West works and that society is more individualistic.
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[1] Page 3 3 Sex and Social Justice, published in 1999 by OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, written by Martha C. Nussbaum
[2] Sex and Social Justice, published in 1999 by OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, written by Martha C. Nussbaum
[3] Page 5 Sex and Social Justice, published in 1999 by OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, written by Martha C. Nussbaum
[4] Page 13 ON LIBERTY and CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT by John Stuart Mill, Edited with an Introduction by R. B McCALLUM published by BASIL BLACKWELL OXFORD 1948
[5] Page XXVIII The Second Treatise of Government written by John Locke , ( An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent of End of Civil Government) And A Letter Concerning Toleration, Edited with a revised Introduction by J. W. GOUGH, Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford, Published by BASIL BLACKWELL OXFORD MCMLXVI
[6] Page 75 John Rawls, A THEORY OF JUSTICE AND ITS CRITICS, Chandran Kukaths and Philip Pettit, First published 1990 by Polity Press
[7] Page 110 ON LIBERTY and CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT by John Stuart Mill, Edited with an Introduction by R. B McCALLUM published by BASIL BLACKWELL OXFORD 1948
[8] page 117 and 118 ON LIBERTY and CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT by John Stuart Mill, Edited with an Introduction by R. B McCALLUM published by BASIL BLACKWELL OXFORD 1948
[9] Page 23 ON LIBERTY and CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT by John Stuart Mill, Edited with an Introduction by R. B McCALLUM published by BASIL BLACKWELL OXFORD 1948
[10] Page 4 Sex and Social Justice, published in 1999 by OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, written by Martha C. Nussbaum